4.9.14

Motivational Appeals

• The difference between emotionally motivating and manipulating:
• Motivating
• When the emotion is sincerely shared between the speaker and the audience
• When there is a balance between emotional and logical appeal
• When moral issues are taken up that are centrally relevant to the argument of the speech
• Manipulating
• When the speaker “tacks on” an emotional veil to hook his/her audience
• When the audience can perceive that a speaker is playing on it’s emotions
• When a moral issue is illustrated as a means of “tokenism” - a superficial gesture meant only to gain the allegiance of certain groups and identities.

Crafting Your Speech

• Modes of Delivery

• Extemporaneous - use of outline
• Impromptu - draft first and last sentences
• Manuscript/Scripted Speeches - less room for error
• Memorized - most prep, but least amount of stress during the speech
• You can blend these styles - for example if one particular sentence only works if worded in a very specific way, you can script the one sentence and include it in the outline.
• Written versus oral - this is why it is important to practice. Written style sometimes doesn’t feel right when spoken aloud.
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Intro to Speech Ethics

• Listening and Ethics
• No decision a speaker makes is politically or morally neutral. When you speak, you are by default editing by choosing what to say and what not to say; you are therefore issuing value and importance to various topics.
• Be aware of your own personal/cultural/political biases. We all have frameworks that we use to make sense of the world.

Linda Alcoff’s “The Problem of Speaking for Others.”

• Determine your intentions: are your intentions to teach, or to learn?
• Determine your vantage point: where does your cultural perspective differ from the perspective you are performing?
• Be open to criticism
• Predict what, if any, outcomes may be harmful, or perceived as harmful by members of the cultural perspective you are presenting

Code of Conduct for Peer Critiques: Together, we will create a living document that can be added or amended throughout the quarter. It should act as a blueprint for the best practices in BOTH giving AND receiving feedback.

Group Exercise: 3-4 people in each group

• As a group, choose a person to tribute or eulogize. They can be alive, departed, real or fictional.
• Craft a SHORT (3 min) speech that uses the following language devices listed on 173-174:
• One use of simile
• One use of metaphor
• One use of personification
• One use of hyperbole
• One use of repetition
• One use of a rhetorical question (a question that you answer yourself, or whose answer is self-evident)
• Check to be sure your speech is devoid of cliches